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An Economic Analysis of the U.S. Wooden Pallet and Container Industry 3 In addition to these upstream impacts, economic activity is generated in wholesale and retail trade ("downstream") industries that distribute wooden pallets and containers. These are displayed in Table E.2. Total downstream jobs, including direct, indirect, and induced, came to 24,400 in 2016. The combined impacts are seen in Table E.3, with total upstream and downstream employment amounting to 197,300. Table E.2. Summary of Downstream Analysis Units Indicated Table E.3. Combined Summary Units Indicated The national level economic impacts can be seen as the sum of economic impacts at the state level. National level direct production, employment, value added, and earnings have been distributed to the state level using employment shares taken from the BLS Census of Employment and Wages (CEW), for both the upstream and the downstream analysis. In order to calculate the indirect and induced impacts of production, we use IMPLAN's detailed databases and economic models. IMPLAN is often used by business professionals, researchers, and elected officials to assess potential local economic impacts of various projects. We have used IMPLAN to calculate direct, indirect, and induced upstream impacts for output, employment (jobs), total value added, and labor income. NWPCA staff have identified twenty-five states of interest. The top states in terms of upstream output and employment are summarized in Tables E.4 and E.5. Table E.4. Top Upstream Output Effects by State Units Million $ Output (Billion $) Employment (thousand persons) Value Added (Billion $) Labor Income (Billion $) Direct 1.9 9.4 1.2 0.7 Indirect 1.0 5.6 0.6 0.4 Induced 1.5 9.4 0.9 0.5 Total 4.4 24.4 2.7 1.5 Output (Billion $) Employment (thousand persons) Value Added (Billion $) Labor Income (Billion $) Upstream 30.7 172.9 14.1 9.2 Downstream 4.4 24.4 2.7 1.5 Total 35.1 197.3 16.7 10.6 Direct Indirect Induced Total Texas 619 336 255 1,210 Ohio 524 244 233 1,000 California 508 267 194 969 Output (Million $)