Cradle-to-Grave Life-Cycle Assessment of Wooden Pallet Production in the United States
25
Ren, J.; Chen, C.; Xu, H.; Zhao, Q. 2018. An optimization
model for the operations of a pallet pool with both radio-
frequency identification–tagged pallets and non-tagged
pallets. Advances in Mechanical Engineering. 10(1): 1-13.
DOI:10.1177/1687814017748013.
Ritter, M.A.; Skog, K.; Bergman, R. 2011. Science
supporting the economic and environmental benefits
of using wood and wood products in green building
construction. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-206. Madison,
WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest
Products Laboratory. DOI:10.2737/FPL-GTR-206.
Shiner, Z. 2018. Investigation of disposal and recovery of
wood and wood packaging in the United States. Master's
Thesis. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Tech.
Spinelli, R.; Cavallo, E.; Facello, A.; Magagnott, N.; Nati,
C.; Paletto, G. 2012. Performance and energy efficiency
of alternative comminution principles: Chipping versus
grinding. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research. 27: 393-
400. DOI:10.1080/02827581.2011.644577.
Taylor, A.; Bergman, R.; Puettmann, M.; Alanya-
Rosenbaum, S. 2017. Impacts of the allocation assumption
in life-cycle assessments of wood-based panels. Forest
Products Journal. 67(5-6): 390-396.
UL Environment. 2019a. Product category rule (PCR)
guidance for wooden pallets, EPD requirements. Standard
10003, Edition 1. https://www.shopulstandards.com/
ProductDetail.aspx?UniqueKey=35976.
UL Environment. 2019b. Product category rule (PCR)
guidance for building-related products and services.
Part B: structural and architectural wood products EPD
requirements. UL10010–09. https://taiwan.ul.com/wp-
content/uploads/sites/2/2018/12/Microsoft-Word-ULE_
PCR_Wood-Products_PartB_121718.docx.pdf.
VT. 2018. FasTrack protocol: Virginia Tech unit-load
material handling FasTrack. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Tech,
Center for Packaging and Unit Load Design. https://www.
unitload.vt.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CPULD-
FasTrack-Info-2018.pdf.
VT. 2019. Evaluation of the durability of four wooden
pallet designs using Virginia Tech's FasTrack simulation.
Test Report No: 2019-0024. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Tech,
Center for Packaging and Unit Load Design.
World Steel Association. 2011. Life cycle assessment
methodology report. Brussels, Belgium: World Steel
Association.