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Cradle-to-Grave Life-Cycle Assessment of Wooden Pallet Production in the United States 3 contribution to the selected environmental indicators. The contribution analysis showed that the raw material supply stage Module [A1] was the major contributor to most of the impact categories. Acknowledgments This project was funded in part by the Pallet Foundation through a cooperative agreement with the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, No. 16-CO-11111137-092. This study was completed in collaboration with the National Wooden Pallet and Container Association. This research was supported in part by an appointment to the U.S. Forest Service Research Participation Program administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) through an interagency agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the USDA Forest Service. ORISE is managed by Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) under DOE contract number DE- AC05-06OR23100. All opinions expressed in this report are the authors' and do not necessarily reflect the policies and views of USDA, DOE, or ORAU/ORISE. Participation This report was created in collaboration with members and staff of the National Wooden Pallet & Container Association (NWPCA). NWPCA has created a special task group to work on and provide industry guidance where needed on the development of a life-cycle assessment methodology and environmental product declaration for a wooden pallet. The members of the task group are as follows: Brad Gething, PhD, NWCPA Director of Science & Technology Integration LeRoi Cochran, Chair of NWPCA Science & Technology Advisory Council, Vice President of Supply Chain for 48forty Solutions Robert Wenner, Chair of the Pallet Foundation, Member of NWPCA Industry Marketing Committee, President of Pallet Service Corporation Jordan Piland, Chair of NWPCA Standards Committee, Vice Chair of the Pallet Foundation, Vice President of Atlas Pallets Frank Shean, Former Chair of NWPCA Industry Marketing Committee, Member of the Pallet Foundation, President of Valley Pallets Hinton Howell, Member of NWPCA Science & Technology Advisory Council, Vice President of Cottondale Wood Products Ian Carter, Member of NWPCA Standards Committee, President of Crane Point Industrial, LLC John Conway, Member of NWPCA Science & Technology Advisory Council, Member of NWPCA Standards Committee, President of Conway Robison, LLC Keith Geiges, Member of NWPCA Science & Technology Advisory Council, Co-President of Treen Box and Pallet Lloyd Harper, Member of NWPCA Science & Technology Advisory Council, Salesman for First Alliance Logistics Management Ralph Rupert, Member of NWPCA Science & Technology Advisory Council, Member of NWPCA Standards Committee, Manager of Unit Load Technology for Millwood Inc. Rob Anderson, Member of Nature's Packaging Committee, President of St. Boniface Pallet Company Scott Geffros, Assistant General Manager at the Canadian Wooden Pallet & Container Association Definitions (UL Environment 2019a) Load Carrying Capacity: The amount of weight that a pallet is capable of supporting for given performance criteria (MHI 2019). Three capacity types exist: rackable, static, and dynamic load carrying. Reuse: Recycled pallet (without repairs), pallet that is reusable without any repairs. Repairing (reconditioning): Recycled pallet (with repairs), pallet made usable by repairing, sorting, rebuilding pallet, using new components or reclaimed components from damaged pallets. Remanufactured (reassembled) pallet: Pallet made entirely of recycled components or parts from damaged pallets (MHI 2019). Reference Service Life (RSL): Service life of a product which is known to be expected under a particular set, i.e., a reference set, of in-use conditions and which may form the basis of estimating the service life under other in-use conditions. The RSL of a pallet is based on several types of tests to ensure the safety and durability of the product. Racked Across the Length: Shows the pallet is supported only at its ends, either in a rack system or conveyor.

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